Pulmonary Embolism: What to Watch For and What to Do

A pulmonary embolism (PE) happens when a blood clot travels to the lungs and blocks blood flow. That might sound rare, but it’s one of those problems that can get serious fast. If you know the common signs and simple prevention steps, you can act quickly and reduce risk.

First, know the key symptoms. PE often shows up as sudden shortness of breath, sharp chest pain that gets worse when you breathe in, a fast or irregular heartbeat, lightheadedness or fainting, and a cough that may bring up blood. Not everyone has all these signs. If any of these appear suddenly, treat it like an emergency and get medical help right away.

Common causes and risk factors

Most PEs start as a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) — a clot in a leg vein that later travels to the lungs. Risk grows after long immobility (long flights, long bed rest), recent surgery, major injury, cancer, pregnancy, birth control or hormone therapy, smoking, obesity, and some genetic clotting disorders. Age and certain chronic illnesses also raise the risk. Athletes can get emboli too, especially after injuries or when using performance aids — our article on "Embolism in Athletes" covers real-world cases and prevention tips.

How doctors diagnose and treat PE

Doctors use tests to confirm PE: D-dimer blood tests, a CT pulmonary angiogram, chest X-rays, and leg ultrasound for DVT. If a PE is found, treatment focuses on stopping clot growth and preventing new clots. Anticoagulants (blood thinners) like heparin or enoxaparin are common first steps. For large, life-threatening clots, doctors may use clot-busting drugs or surgical procedures. In some cases, an IVC filter is placed to catch clots before they reach the lungs.

If you’re curious about medications, we have a practical piece on how to buy enoxaparin safely online in the UK — useful if you’re managing long-term anticoagulation. But don’t self-prescribe. Anticoagulants need medical oversight because they raise bleeding risk.

Prevention is often straightforward. After surgery or long travel, get up and walk as soon as you can. Wear compression stockings if your doctor recommends them. Stay hydrated and avoid smoking. If you have multiple risk factors, talk to your doctor about short-term anticoagulation after surgery or during high-risk periods.

Finally, trust your instincts. If breathlessness or chest pain starts suddenly, call emergency services. Early care cuts the chance of severe damage and speeds recovery. For more detailed reads, check our posts on "Understanding Pulmonary Embolism" and practical prevention guides across related topics on this site.

Have questions about symptoms or meds you’re taking? Ask your healthcare team — they can give advice that fits your health history and current risks.